Candi Kalasan

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Origins and meaning

Located at ds. Kalibening, West of Prambanan and South of the main road to Yogyakarta.

Constructed in 778 AD.  

The sanctuary has been described in a prasasti dating to 778, in Sanskrit using a pre-Nagari script: At Kalasan a monastry was founded in the honour of Tara by the teachers of the Sailendra king Pancapana Panamkaranah. An image of the queen has been manufactured. Meanwhile the village 'kalasa' [name has been maintained!] was gifted to the congregation. The statue was placed under the protection of future kings. The pre-Nagari script is rare on Java (Pallawa script was more common) and only 4 other inscriptions using it have been found, all on the Prambananan plain. Of these only the inscription of Kelurak has been deciphered. After the ode to the Buddhist 'triratna' (=three jewels) this inscription mentions king Indra of the Sailendra dynasty and mentions that in 782 the teacher named Kumeraghosha of the country Gaudi [old name of the Bengal of the Pala kings]. erected a statue of the bodhisattva Manjusri, whose higher being incorporates Brahma, Wishnu and Maheshvara (Siva). This statue is placed under the protection of future kings.

Krom (1923:257) assumed that because the inscription does not otherwise specify 'tara', the temple must have been dedicated to the principal tara Syamatara, the partner of Dhyani-buddha Amoghasiddha. Nothing specific to the temple itself coroborates this: most statues had disappeared when the temple was 'rediscovered'

Description of architecture

The temple is built on a cruciform plan, with the entrance portal on the East side. The temple proper measured around 19m x 19m. The base was 14.2m x 14.2m and against the centre of each wall an extension of 7.1m x 3.55m was built transforming the square into a complex cross with 20 wall faces/corners. This structure stood on a base that allowed for circumambulation of the main body, with short stairs leading to the cella built into the walls. The cella on the North, West and South side each contained one principal statue, with two smaller ones flanking it, and two further statues in niches in the adjoining walls. The cella on the East side had three statues in niches on either side of the entrance way, and led to a bigger chamber inside the temple body proper, containing the principal image. The cella entrances were flanked by niches containing standing males holding a red lotus and a fly whisk. They might represent Avalokitesvara and Manjusri who frequently accompany the Buddha. None of the images contained inside the cella were left when the temple was rediscovered. The roof, little of which remained on rediscovery was made up of three galleries crowned by a big dagob. The first gallery took the form of the base of the temple - hence showing 20 faces, each of which carried niches. The 12 largest of these would have accomodated statues seated on lotus cushions. Remains of statues found in the East and South niches show that these contained images of Dhyani buddhas. The second and third gallery of the roof were octagonal, with each face containing a niche flanked by decorative panels. Based on a single remaining Dhyani buddha on each level, it is again likely that all niches would have contained Dhyani buddhas. None of the remaining statuary points to the depiction of tara, but it should be pointed out that all important statuary from the temple proper have not survived.

The temple was remodelled a number of times. Tha most major change was that from a square plan to cruciform plan effected in the second construction.

The original sanctuary was likely surrounded by 52 stupa containing funerary remains. 

Description of reliefs/ornament

The temple does not contain narrative picture reliefs. The most obvious decorative element is the large kala head above the South cella,the only one found intact. The base was decorated with vases with lotus flowers, and leafy garlands.

Rediscovery and restoration

1806: Cornelius makes drawings of both buildings. His drawings include, without marking them as such, how he imagined missing parts - such as the roof - to be. Restoration was urgent given the continuing decay of the building. In 1850 the North facade collapsed, and further damage to the walls as a result of earthquakes threatened. A supporting wall was erected in 1917, pending a full restoration in 1927 - 29. Supervised by de Haan and van Coolwijk, this effort provided for consolidation and limited reconstruction of the crown. Research undertaken by Van Romondt in 1940 uncovered remains of the prior temple, confirming the thesis that the temple was rebuilt. 

Mounted: 6-Jan-06 Edited: 20-Jul-08

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